Aditya Nugroho

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If-clause have 3 type :

	If Clause	Result Clause
Type 1 :	S + V1 + O	S + will + V1 + O
Type 2 :	S + V2 + O	S + would + V1 + O
Type 3 :	S + had + V3 + O	S + would have + V3 + O

Explanation for each type


1. Type 1 : possible to happen
for the example : If I have a lot of money, I will around the world

2. Type 2 : just 20% to possible, like pengandaian in Indonesian
for the example : If I were you, I would tell the truth (I use 'were' for subject 'I', because for all singular (I, She, n He) we must use 'were' not 'was' in if-clause)
in the fact : I'm not you, so I don't tell the truth (fact for type 2, we use simple present tense)

3. Type 3 : impossible to happen, like penyesalan in Indonesian
for the example : If I had studied more, I would have graduated in SPMB
in the fact : I didn't study more, so I didn't graduate in SPMB (fact the type 3, we use simple past tense)

wishes about the present and future

1. We use 'wish' + past simple to express that we want a situation in the present (or future) to be different.
I wish I spoke Italian. (I don't speak Italian.)
I wish I had a big car. (I don't have a big car.)
I wish I was on a beach. (I'm in the office.)
Future: I wish it was the weekend tomorrow. (It's only Thursday tomorrow.)

2. We use 'wish' + past continuous to express that we want to be doing a different action in the present (or future).
I wish I was lying on a beach now. (I'm sitting in the office.)
I wish it wasn't raining. (It is raining.)
Future: I wish you weren't leaving tomorrow. (You are leaving tomorrow.)

wishes about the past

We use 'wish' + past perfect to express a regret, or that we want a situation in the past to be different.
I wish I hadn't eaten so much. (I ate a lot.)
I wish they'd come on holiday with us. (They didn't come on holiday with us.)
I wish I had studied harder at school. (I was lazy at school.)

wish + would

We use 'wish' + would + bare infinitive to express impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action.
I wish you would stop smoking. (You are smoking at the moment and it is annoying me.)
I wish it would stop raining. (I'm impatient because it is raining and I want to go outside.)
I wish she'd be quiet. (I am annoyed because she is speaking.)

sumber :
http://tv-etha-13.blogspot.com/2011/02/if-clause.html
http://www.eslbase.com/grammar/wish


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Conditional Sentences merupakan kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian suatu peristiwa yang belum terjadi atau bahkan tidak mungkin terjadi. Kalimat pengandaian ini memiliki beberapa bentuk yang mewakili beragam bentuk waktu, dengan kata lain, bentuk kalimat pengandaian ini akan tergantung pada bentuk waktu peristiwa yang diandaikan. Berikut ini merupakan beberapa pola Conditional Sentences.

RUMUS|

Conditional 1

1. IF + S + Present Tense, S + Future Tense

Contoh :

- If it doesn’t rain, I will go shopping.

Real Condition : It will probably rain or not,
so I will probably go shopping or not.


Conditional 2

2. If + S + Past Tense, S + Past Future

Contoh :

-If you came home earlier, I would make you a cake

Real Condition : You don’t come home earlier,
So I don’t make a cake for you.

Conditional 3

3. If + s + Past Perfect, S + Future Past Perfect

Contoh :

- If you had studied hard, you would have passed the exam.

Real condition : you didn’t study hard, so you didn’t pass the exam

sumber : http://zifa-kireiwazifa.blogspot.com/2010/03/pengertian-conditional-sentences.html

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Transitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Membutuhkan Objek)

Yaitu kata kerja yang memerlukan object untuk menyempurnakan arti kalimat atau melengkapi makna kalimat.

Kata kerja Transitive diantaranya adalah: Drink, watch, read, fill, open, close, dll

Contoh:

• He watches the film. (Kalimat ini tidak akan lengkap, jika "the film" kita hilangkan. Orang lain akan bertanya-tanya - menonton apa?, maka watch (menonton) membutuhkan object agar makna kalimat tersebut dapat dipahami).
• The man cuts the tree.

Sumber ; http://ekagurunesama.blogspot.com/2011/01/pengertian-dan-jenis-verb.html

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Intransitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Tidak Membutuhkan Objek)

Yaitu adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan obyek, karena sudah dapat dipahami dengan sempurna makna kalimat tersebut.

Kata-kata kerja yang termasuk Intransitive verbs diantaranya adalah: Shine, come, sit, boil, sleep, fall, cry, dll.

Contoh:

• The baby cries.
• My mother is sleeping.
• The water boils.

Catatan:

• Ada juga beberapa kata kerja yang dapat berfungsi sebagai transitive maupun intransitive verbs.

Contoh:

• He drops his bottles. (transitif)
• The rain drops from the sky. (intransitif)
• The contestants still misunderstood then. (transitif)
• The contestants still misunderstood. (intransitif)
• They grow the rubber trees. (transitif)
• Rice grows in the fertile soil. (intransitif)

Ada beberapa verb intransitive yang memakai Objective Noun yang mempunyai satu kesatuan makna dengan kata kerjanya. Objeknya disebut Cognate Object.

Contoh:

• He played the fool. (Dia bermain gila-gilaan).
• He laughs a hard laugh. (Dia tertawa lebar).
• He slept a sound sleep. (Dia tidur nyenyak).
• He died a miserable death. (Dia mati melarat).

Ada beberapa verb transitive dan intransitive walaupun sudah mempunyai object tetapi artinya belum sempuma sebelum ditambah kata-kata lain.

Kata Kerja jenis ini diantaranya adalah: make, name, call, find, declare, suppose, consider, bring, give, appoint, seen, hear, dll.

Contoh:

• I will make you happy.
• I appoint him to be my assistant.

Ada juga kata kerja yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:

• Kata Kerja + Preposition + Object
• Kata Kerja + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing

Contoh:

• We talked about the problem.
• She felt sorry for coming late.

Kata-kata kerja untuk pola kedua diantaranya adalah: succeed in, think about/of, dream of, dream about, approve of, look forward to, insist on, decide against, angry with, sorry for, thanks for, dll.

Ada juga Kata Kerja tertentu yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:

• Kata Kerja + Object + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing

Contoh:

• They accused me of telling lies.
• Do you suspect the man of being a spy?
• I congratulated Bob on passing the exam.
• What prevented him from coming to the party?
• I thanked her for being so helpful.

sumber : http://ekagurunesama.blogspot.com/2011/01/pengertian-dan-jenis-verb.html

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1. Definition
Kalimat Pasif yaitu kalimat yang ‘subjek-nya’ dikenai pekerjaan. Kalimat ini biasanya kata kerjanya
diartikan “di” atau “ter”.
Contoh :
Aktif : Ahmad cleans the room everyday.
(Ahmad membersihkan ruangan itu setiap hari)
Pasif : The room is cleaned by Ahmad everyday
(Ruangan itu dibersihkan Ahmad setiap hari.

2. Basic pattern (Pola dasar)
Subj + to be + V3
Bentuk to be tergantung pada “Tenses” dan “Subjek”.
Bentuk to be: Present : is, am, are
Past : was, were
Cont. : being
Perfect : been
future/modal : be

Contoh:
Aktif (me/ber)
1. They clean the room everyday
2. They cleaned the room yesterday
3. They are cleaning the room now
4. They have cleaned the room
5. They will clean the room tomorrow
6. They must clean the room

Pasif (di/ter)
1. The room is cleaned by them everyday
2. The room was cleaned by them yesterday
3. The room is being cleaned by them now
4. The room has been cleaned by them
5. The room will be cleaned by them tomorrow
6. The room must be cleaned by them

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A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem. An important class of computer operations on some computing platforms is the accepting of input from human operators and the output of results formatted for human consumption. The interface between the computer and the human operator is known as the user interface.


bold = subject
bold + italic = verb


sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

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