Modifiers

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Modifier berfungsi untuk menerangkan waktu (modifier of time), menerangkan tempat (modifier of place), atau menerangkan cara dalam melakukan kegiatan (modifier of manner). Modifier pada umumnya berupa prepositional phrase (yaitu sekelompok kata yang dimulai oleh kata depan dan diakhiri oleh noun). Misalnya: in the morning (pada pagi hari), on the table (di atas meja), at the university (di universitas).

Selain itu, modifier dapat juga berupa single adverb (misalnya: yesterday (kemarin), outdoors (luar gedung), hurriedly (dengan buru-buru) atau adverbial phrase (misalnya: last night (tadi malam), next year (tahun depan). Modifier adalah menjawab pertanyaan ‘when’, where, dan ‘how’.

Contoh :

  1. John bought a book at the bookstore (John membeli sebuah buku di toko buku)
  2. Yeyes was swimming in the swimming pool at 4 pm. yesterday. (Yeyes sedang berenang di kolam renang jam 4 sore kemarin)
  3. My father is driving very fast. (Ayahku sedang mengendarai (mobil) dengan sangat cepat)
  4. The milk is in the refrigerator. (Susunya ada di dalam kulkas)
  5. We usually eat dinner at 7 pm. (Kami biasanya makan malam jam 7).

Perhatikan:

  1. Modifier of time biasanya diungkapkan paling akhir jika kalimat tersebut memiliki lebih dari satu modifier.
  2. Tidak semua kalimat membutuhkan modifier

sumber : http://swarabhaskara.com/sentence-components/modifier-keterangan/


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Complement

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In grammar the term complement is used with different meanings. The primary meaning is a word, phrase or clause which is necessary in a sentence to complete its meaning. We find complements which function as an argument (i.e. of equal status to subjects and objects) and complements which exist within arguments.

Both complements and modifiers add to the meaning of a sentence. However, a complement is necessary to complete a sentence; a modifier is not. For example, "Put the bread on the table" needs "on the table" to make it complete. In most dialects of English, you cannot merely put something; you need to put it somewhere. In this context, the phrase "on the table" is a complement. By contrast, "The bread on the table is fresh." does not require "on the table" to be complete, so here, the phrase "on the table" is a modifier. A modifier, unlike a complement, is an optional element of a sentence.


Predicative complements

In linguistics, complement refers only to the predicative complement. A predicative complement is the complement that is predicated by a predicate. A predicate is the completer of a sentence; a predicator (verb) + complement. The term predicate complement refers to the fact that the predication depends on the attribution of a subject and its predicator (a verb, verb string, or compound verb).[1] The predicative complement consists of few contrasting varieties:

  • Object complement (common complement)
  • Predicative nominal (noun,nominal,pronominal; common in SUB or OBJ complement)
  • Predicative adjective (or adjectival, common in subject complement)
  • Predicative adverb (or adverbial, common in intransitive predication)
  • Predicative adjunct (optional complement).

Subject complements

A subject complement tells more about the subject by means of the verb. In the examples below the sentence elements are (SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT)

Mr. Johnson is a management consultant. (a predicative nominative)

She looks ill. (a predicative adjective)


Objective predicative complements

An object complement tells us more about the object by means of the verb. In the examples below the sentence elements are (SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + COMPLEMENT). Object complements can often be removed leaving a well-formed sentence, thus the use of the term complement is slightly illogical.

We elected him chairman. (a predicative nominal)

We painted the house red. (a predicative adjective)

An object complement can be a noun, pronoun, or adjective that follows and modifies a direct object. It can describe, clarify, re-name, or show completion of a process. It is most often used with verbs involving judgement, nomination, or creation.

  • Examples:

My son painted his room blue. (Blue modifies the direct object room.)

The class elected the smallest boy President. (President modifies boy and shows the result of the election.)

The clown made the children very excited. (The participle excited describes children.)

It can be confused with subject complements (predicate nominatives or predicate adjectives).

  • For example:

The waitress seems grumpy. (Grumpy is a subject complement modifying the subject, waitress.)

I consider the waitress grumpy. (Grumpy modifies the direct object, waitress.)


sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_%28linguistics%29



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VERB

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A verb indicates the time of an action, event or condition by changing its form. Through the use of a sequence of tenses in a sentence or in a paragraph, it is possible to indicate the complex temporal relationship of actions, events, and conditions

There are many ways of categorising the twelve possible verb tenses. The verb tenses may be categorised according to the time frame: past tenses, present tenses, and future tenses.

Verb Tense: Time

The four past tenses are

  1. the simple past ("I went")
  2. the past progressive ("I was going")
  3. the past perfect ("I had gone")
  4. the past perfect progressive ("I had been going")

The four present tenses are

  1. the simple present ("I go")
  2. the present progressive ("I am going")
  3. the present perfect ("I have gone")
  4. the present perfect progressive ("I have been going")

Note that the present perfect and present perfect progressive are a present not past tenses -- that idea is that the speaker is currently in the state of having gone or having been going.

The four future tenses are

  1. the simple future ("I will go")
  2. the future progressive ("I will be going")
  3. the future perfect ("I will have gone")
  4. the future perfect progressive ("I will have been going")


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Subject and Verb Agreement

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Rule (ketentuan) yang paling penting dalam bahasa Inggris adalah bahwa antara subject dengan verb harus in agreement. Artinya, jika subject-nya singular maka verb-nya juga harus singular. Sebaliknya, jika subject-nya plural maka verb-nya juga harus plural.

1. Singular subject – singular verb

Yang dimaksud dengan singular subject adalah subject pronoun he, she, dan it, atau nouns yang dapat digantikan dengan he, she atau it; Sedangkan yang dimaksud dengan singular verbs adalah verb1+es/s, is/was, serta verb phrase seperti: is/was + verb-ing/verb3, has +verb3, has been verb-ing dan has been verb3.

Pola-pola singular subject-singular verb disajikan pada tabel berikut:

Singular subject Singular verb Tenses
1
He/She/it
verb1 + es/s
simple present
2
He/She/it
is + verb-ing
present continuous
3
He/She/it
was + verb-ing
past continuous
4
He/She/it
has + verb3
present perfect
5
He/She/it
has + been + verb-ing
present perfect continuous
6
He/She/it
is going to + verb1
simple future
7
He/She/It
is going to + be verb-ing
future continuous
8
He/She/it
was going to + verb1
past future
9
He/She/It
was going to + be verb-ing
past future continuous

Jika kalimatnya tidak menggunakan verb, kita gunakan to be :

Singular subject Singular verb Tenses
10
He/She/it
is
simple present
11
He/She/it
is + being
present continuous
12
He/She/it
was
simple past
13
He/She/it
was + being
past continuous
14
He/She/It
has been
present perfect
10
He/She/it
has + been + being
present perfect continuous
16
He/She/it
is going to + be
simple future
17
He/She/it
is going to + be being
future continuous
18
He/She/it
was going to + be
past future
19
He/She/it
was going to + be being
past future continuous

2. Plural subject – plural verb

Yang dimaksud dengan plural subject adalah subject pronouns seperti I, we, you, they, dan semua plural nouns. Sedangkan yang dimaksud dengan plural verbs adalah verbs dan verb phrase selain singular verbs di atas.

Pola-pola plural subject-plural verb disajikan pada tabel berikut:

Plural subject Plural verb Tense
1
I/we/you/they
verb1
simple present
2
I/we/you/they
am/are + verb-ing
present continuous
3
I/we/you/they
was/were + verb-ing
past continuous
4
I/we/you/they
have+ verb3
present perfect
5
I/we/you/they
have + been + verb-ing
present perfect continuous
6
I/we/you/they
am/are going to + verb1
simple future
7
I/we/you/they
am/are going to + be verb-ing
future continuous
8
I/we/you/they
was/were going to + verb1
past future
9
I/we/you/they
was/were going to + be verb-ing
past future continuous

Jika kalimatnya tidak menggunakan verb (kalimat nominal), maka digunakan to be :

Plural subject Plural verb Tense
10
I/we/you/they
am/are
simple present
11
I/we/you/they
am/are + being
present continuous
12
I/we/you/they
was/were
simple past
13
I/we/you/they
was/were + being
past continuous
14
I/we/you/they
have been
present perfect
10
I/we/you/they
have + been + being
present perfect continuous
16
I/we/you/they
am/are going to + be
simple future
17
I/we/you/they
am/are going to + be being
future continuous
18 I/we/you/they
was/were going to + be
past future
19 I/we/you/they
was/were going to + be being
past future continuous

Contoh:

Singular subject-singular verb Plural subject-plural verb
1
She dances
They dance
2
She is dancing
They are dancing
3
She was dancing
They were dancing
4
She has danced
They have danced
5
She has been dancing
They have been dancing
6
She is going to dance
They are going to dance
7
She is going to be dancing
 They are going to be dancing
8
She was going to dance
They were going to dance
9 She was going to be dancing They were going to be dancing
10
She is nice to me.
They are nice to me.
11
She is being nice to me.
They are being nice to me.
12
She was nice to me.
They were nice to me.
13
She was being nice to me.
They were being nice to me.
14
She has been nice to me.
They have been nice to me.
10
She has been being nice to me.
They have been being nice to me.
16
She is going to be nice to me.
They are going to be nice to me.
17
She is going to be being nice to me.
They are going to be being nice to me.
18
She was going to be nice to me.
They were going to be nice to me.
19
She was going to be being nice to me.
They were going to be being nice to me.

Bagaimana subject-verb agreement pada tensis lain yang tidak disebutkan di atas?

Bentuk verb atau verb phrase pada tensis-tensis yang tidak disebutkan di atas baik ketika subject-nya singular maupun plural adalah sama.

Contoh:

  1. The elevator worked very well yesterday. (Lift itu berfungsi dengan baik kemarin)
  2. The elevators worked very well yesterday. (Lift-lift itu berfungsi dengan baik kemarin).
  1. Andi had gone before Ani arrived. (Andi telah pergi sebelum Ani tiba).
  2. Andi and Amir had gone before Ani arrived. (Andi dan Amir telah pergi sebelum Ani tiba).
  1. My mother will go to Bali tomorrow. (Ibuku akan pergi ke Bali besok).
  2. My mother and my father will go to Bali tomorrow. (Ibuku dan ayahku akan pergi ke Bali besok).
  1. Jenny would have passed the test if she had studied well. (Jenny telah lulus ujian jika dia telah belajar dengan baik).
  2. Jenny and Julie would have passed the test if they had studied well. (Jenny dan Julie telah lulus ujian jika mereka telah belajar dengan baik).

Pada contoh-contoh di atas, kita lihat bahwa subject-nya langsung diikuti oleh verb. Selanjutnya, mari kita bahas subject-verb agreement ketika subject dipisahkan oleh prepositional phrase atau oleh ungkapan-ungkapan (expression).

A. Subject – verb agreement ketika dipisahkan oleh prepositional phrase

Jika antara subject dengan verb dipisahkan oleh prepositional phrase(2 atau lebih kata yang diawali oleh preposition), prepositional phraseini tidak berpengaruh terhadap verb. Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah apa subject kalimatnya. Jika subject-nya singular maka verb-nya juga harus singular, sedangkan jika subject-nya plural maka verb-nya juga harus plural.

Singular subject + (prepositional phrase) + singular verb
Plural subject + (prepositional phrase) + plural verb

Contoh:

  1. The study of languages is very interesting. (singular subject) (Mempelajari bahasa sangat menarik)
  2. Several theories on this subject have been debated. (plural subject) (Beberapa teori tentang subyek ini telah diperdebatkan).
  3. The view of these disciplines varies from time to time. (singular subject) (Kajian tentang disiplin ilmu ini berubah-ubah dari waktu ke waktu)
  4. The danger of forest fires is not to be taken seriously. (singular subject) (Bahaya kebakaran hutan tidak ditangani secara serius)
  5. The effects of that crime are likely to be devastating. (plural subject) (Pengaruh kejahatan mungkin menghawatirkan)
  6. The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the cities. (singular subject). (Ketakutan terhadap pemerkosaan dan perampokan telah menyebabkan banyak orang meninggalkan kota-kota besar).
  7. The boys in the room are studying (plural subject). (Anak-anak di dalam kamar sedang belajar).

B. Subject – verb agreement ketika dipisahkan oleh together with, along with, as well as

Selain prepositional phrase di atas, ekspresi-ekspresi seperti together with, along with, accompanied by, dan as well as, juga tidak berpengaruh terhadap verb.

together with
along with
accompanied by
as well as
(bersama-sama dengan)
(bersama sama dengan)
(ditemani oleh)
(begitu juga, dan)

Contoh:

  1. The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight. (Artis itu, bersama-sama dengan manager dan beberapa temannya, akan pergi ke pesta malam ini).
  2. Mr. Julianto, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight. (Pak Julianto, ditemani oleh istri dan anak-anaknya, akan tiba malam ini).
  3. My wife as well as I is a volleyball player. (Istri saya begitu juga saya adalah seorang pemain bola volley).

Penggunaan together with, along with, accompanied by, dan as well as, dalam pola seperti ini hanya menambahkan informasi tambahan. Jika ekspresi tersebut dihilangkan, makna inti dari kalimat tersebut tidak berubah, yaitu:

  1. The actress is going to a party tonight.
  2. Mr. Julianto is arriving tonight.
  3. My wife is a volleyball player.

Sebaliknya, jika conjunction ‘and‘ digunakan untuk menggantikan ekspresi-ekspresi di atas, maka verb-nya berubah menjadi plural.

Contoh:

  1. The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight.
  2. Mr. Julinto and his wife and children are arriving tonight.
  3. My wife and I are volleyball players. (Istri saya dan saya adalah pemain-pemain bola volley).



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